Internship Research

Decorative photo of three students at an internship fair.

Internships are widely considered valuable high impact practices (HIP) that contribute to students’ social and economic mobility. Students and employers report mixed results in regards to the effectiveness of these experiences at providing graduates with career readiness and occupational skills. CCWT conducts empirical research and periodically reviews the literature on internships across national and disciplinary boundaries.

CCWT Internship Research

CCWT launched the National Survey of College Internships (NSCI) in 2018 in response to the growing interest in internships and related forms of work-based learning, which are widely seen as “high-impact practices” (HIPs) that contribute to students’ academic, social and career success.  However, national studies on internships that focused on issues of equitable access, program structure and student outcomes hadn’t been conducted prior to the development of the NSCI framework. The need for data about internships became even more important with the Covid-19 pandemic and growing concerns about inequitable access to internships (especially unpaid positions), particularly for low-income, first-generation and/or BIPOC students. In documenting obstacles to internships and other indicators of equitable treatment of interns, the NSCI data helps institutions identify and address these obstacles, which is one way higher education can help solve the nation’s growing problems with income inequality, structural racism, and workplace discrimination.

The NSCI instrument is organized around the Internship Scorecard framework, which aims to capture three critical elements of a college internship: (1) purpose and prevalence, (2) quality, and (3) equitable access. In capturing these key aspects of an internship, the 58-item NSCI survey goes far beyond merely documenting whether or not a student has taken an internship.

In 2023, Strada Education began collaborating with CCWT to administer the survey instrument. Click here to learn more about NSCI.

CCWT Internship Publications


Other Helpful Sources

Ebner, K., Soucek, R., Selenko, E. (2021). Perceived quality of internships and employability perceptions: The mediating role of career-entry worries. Education and Training, 63(4), 579-596.

Jackson, D., & Bridgstock, R. (2020). What actually works to enhance graduate employability? The relative value of curricular, co-curricular, and extra-curricular learning and paid work. Higher Education, 81, 723-739.

O’Connor, H., & Bodicoat, M. (2017). Exploitation or opportunity? Student perceptions of internships in enhancing employability skills. British Journal of Sociology of Education38(4), 435-449.

Shoenfelt, E. L., Stone, N. J., & Kottke, J. L. (2015). Internships: An established mechanism for increasing employability. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 6(1), 24-27.

Heyler, R., & Lee, D. (2014). The role of work experience in the future employability of higher education graduates. Higher Education Quarterly, 68(3), 348-372.

Downs, C., Mughal, F., Shah, U., & Ryder, M. (2023). Are undergraduate internships worth the effort?
Time to reconceptualize work-based learning for building protean meta-competencies. Studies in Higher Education, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2023.2222147

Mato-Díaz, F. J., & Escudero-Castillo, I. (2023). Lost in transition? Young graduates’ employment after internships in public and private organisations. Journal of Youth Studies, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2023.2201420

Sekiguchi, T., Mitate, Y., & Yang, Y. (2023). Internship Experience and Organizational Attractiveness: A
Realistic Job Fit Perspective. Journal of Career Development, 50(2), 353-371. https://doi.org/10.1177/08948453221094311

Di Pietro, G. (2022). International internships and skill development: A systematic review. Review of
Education, 10(2), e3363. https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3363

Kim, Y. A., Kim, K. A., & Tzokas, N. (2022). Entrepreneurial universities and the effect of the types of
vocational education and internships on graduates’ employability. Studies in Higher Education, 47(5),
1000-1009. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2022.2055324

Torpey-Saboe, N., Leigh, E. W., & Clayton, D. (2022). The power of work-based learning. Strada Education Network.

Baert, S., Neyt, B. Siedler, T., Tobback, I., & Verhaest, D. (2021). Student internships and employment opportunities after graduation: A field experiment. Economics of Education Review, 83 (102141).

Bolli, T., Caves, K., & Oswald-Egg, M. E. (2021). Valuable experience: how university internships affect graduates’ income. Research in Higher Education, 62, 1198-1247.

Moss-Pech, C. (2021). The career conveyor belt: How internships lead to unequal labor market outcomes among college graduates. Qualitative Sociology, 44(1), 77-102.

Oberman, W., Hunt, I., Taylor, R. K., & Morrisette, S. (2021). Internships and occupational self-efficacy: Impact and gender differences. Journal of Education for Business, 96(7), 424-434.

Bayerlein, L. (2020). The impact of prior work-experience on student learning outcomes in simulated internships. Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 17(4), 4.

Bittmann, F., & Zorn, V.S. (2020). When choice excels obligation: About the effects of mandatory and voluntary internships on labour market outcomes for university graduates. Higher Education, 80, 75–93.

Hunt, W., & Scott, P. (2020). Paid and unpaid graduate internships: Prevalence, quality and motivations at six months after graduation. Studies in Higher Education, 45(2), 464-476.

Margaryan, S., Saniter, N., Schumann, M., & Siedler, T. (2020). Do internships pay off? The effects of student internships on earnings. Journal of Human Resources, 57(4), 1242-1275.

Ocampo, A. C. G., Reyes, M. L., Chen, Y., Restubog, S. L. D., Chih, Y. Y., Chua-Garcia, L., & Guan, P. (2020). Th role of internship participation and conscientiousness in developing career adaptability: A five wave growth mixture model analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 120(103426), 1-15.

Strayhorn, T. L. (2020). Measuring the Influence of Internship Participation on Black Business Majors’ Academic Performance at Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Journal of African American Studies, 24, 573-585.

Lucero, J. E., Gallego, S., Hedgepeth, C., & Sanders, D. (2019). Structure and characteristics for successful outcomes: A review of community college internships programs. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 45(2), 103-116.

Nghia, T. L. H., & Duyen, N. T. M. (2019). Developing and validating a scale for evaluating internship-related learning outcomes. Higher Education, 77(1), 1-18.

Wesley Routon, P., & Walker, J. K. (2019). College internships, tenure gaps, and student outcomes: a multiple-treatment matching approach. Education Economics27(4), 383-400.

Wolniak, G. C. & Engberg, M. E. (2019). Do “high-impact” college experiences affect early career outcomes? Review of Higher Education, 42(3), 825-858.

Silva, P., Lopes, B., Costa, M., Melo, A. I., Dias, G. P., Brito, E., & Seabra, D. (2018). The million-dollar question: Can internships boost employment? Studies in Higher Education43(1), 2-21.

McHugh, P. P. (2017). The impact of compensation, supervision and work design on internship efficacy: Implications for educators, employers and prospective interns. Journal of Education and Work, 30(4), 367-382.

Crain, A. (2016). Understanding the impact of unpaid internships on college student career development and employment outcomes. NACE Foundation.

Parker III, E. T., Kilgo, C. A., Sheets, J. K. E., & Pascarella, E. T. (2016). The differential effects of internship participation on end-of-fourth-year GPA by demographic and institutional characteristics. Journal of College Student Development, 57(1), 104-109.

Silva, P., Lopes, B., Costa, M., Seabra, D., Melo, A. I., Brito, E., & Dias, G. P. (2016). Stairway to employment? Internships in higher education. Higher Education72(6), 703-721.

Binder, J. F., Baguely, T., Crook, C., & Miller, F. (2015). The academic value of internships: Benefits across disciplines and student backgrounds. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 41, 73-82.

Kilgo, C. A., Sheets, J. K. E., & Pascarella, E. T. (2015). The link between high-impact practices and student learning: Some longitudinal evidence. Higher Education, 69(4), 509-525.

Rose, P. S., Teo, S. T., & Connell, J. (2014). Converting interns into regular employees: The role of intern-supervisor exchange. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(2), 153-163.

Rigsby, JT., Addy, N., Herring, C., & Polledo, D. (2013). An examination of internships and job opportunities. Journal of Applied Business Research, 29(4), 1131–1143.

Saniter, N., & Siedler, T. (2013). Door opener or waste of time? The effects of student internships on labor market outcomes. IZA Discussion Paper No. 8141. Bonn, Germany. Institute for the Study of Labor.

Klein, M. & Weiss, F. (2011). Is forcing them worth the effort? Benefits of mandatory internships for graduates from diverse family backgrounds at labour market entry. Studies in Higher Education, 36(8), 969-987.

Callanan, G., & Benzing, C. (2004). Assessing the role of internships in the career-oriented employment of graduating college students. Education + Training, 46(2), 82–89.

Knouse, S. B., Tanner, J. R., & Harris, E. W. (1999). The relation of college internships, college performance, and subsequent job opportunity. Journal of Employment Counseling, 36(1), 35-43.

Taylor, M. S. (1988). Effects of college internships on individual participants. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73(3), 393-401.

Odlin, D., Benson-Rea, M., & Sullivan-Taylor, B. (2022). Student internships and work placements: approaches to risk management in higher education. Higher Education, 83(6), 1409-1429.

Di Meglio, G., Barge-Gil, A., Camiña, E., & Moreno, L. (2021). Knocking on employment’s door: Internships and job attainment. Higher Education, 83, 137-161.

Rogers, S. E., Miller, C. D., Flinchbaugh, C., Giddarie, M., & Barker, B. (2021). All internships are not created equal: Job design, satisfaction, and vocational development in paid and unpaid internships. Human Resource Management Review, 31(1), 100723.

Snodgrass, L. L., Hass, M. & Ghahremani, M. (2021). Developing cultural intelligence: experiential
interactions in an international internship program. Journal of Global Education and Research, 5(2) 165–
174. https://www.doi.org/10.5038/2577-509X.5.2.1078

Hora, M. T., Smolarek, B. B., Martin, K. N., & Scrivener, L. (2019). Exploring the situated and cultural aspects of communication in the professions: Implications for teaching, student employability, and equity in higher education. American Educational Research Journal, 56(6), 2221-2261.

Lucero, J. E., Gallego, S., Hedgepeth, C., & Sanders, D. (2019). Structure and characteristics for successful outcomes: A review of community college internship programs. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 45(2), 103-116.

Jackson, D. (2018). Developing graduate career readiness in Australia: Shifting from extra-curricular internships to work-integrated learning. International Journal of Work-Integrated Learning, 19(1), 23-35.

Jung, J., & Lee, S. J. (2017). Impact of internship on job performance among university graduates in South Korea. International Journal of Chinese Education, 5(2), 250-284.

Daily, S. L. (2016). What happens before full-time employment? Internships as a mechanism of anticipatory socialization. Western Journal of Communication, 80(4), 453-480.

Maertz Jr, C. P., Stoeberl, P. A., & Marks, J. (2014). Building successful internships: lessons from the research for interns, schools, and employers. Career Development International, 19(1), 123-142.

Simons, L., Fehr, L., Blank, N., Connell, H., Georganas, D., Fernandez, D., & Peterson, V. (2012). Lessons learned from experiential learning: what do students learn from a practicum/internship? International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 24(3), 325–334.

Briel, L., & Getzel, E. (2001). Internships in higher education: Promoting success for students with disabilities. Disability Studies Quarterly, 21(1), 1-12.

Lapan, J. C., & Smith, K. N. (2023). “No Girls on the Software Team”: Internship Experiences of Women in Computer Science. Journal of Career Development, 50(1), 119-134. https://doi.org/10.1177/08948453211070842

Hora, M. T., Wolfgram, M., Huerta, A. H., Lee, C., & Gopal, A. (2022). A multilevel, agent-centered analysis of intersectionality in a Hispanic-serving institution: The case of college internship access for Latinx students. AERA Open, 8(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/23328584221102162

Wolfgram, M., & Ahrens, V. (2022).  One internship, two internships, three internships … more!’: exploring the culture of the multiple internship economy, Journal of Education and Work, 35(2), 139-153.

Hora, M. T., Wolfgram, M., Chen, Z., & Lee, C. (2021). Closing the doors of opportunity: A field theoretic analysis of the prevalence and nature of obstacles to internships. Teachers College Record, 123(12), 180-210.

Wolfgram, M., Vivona, B., & Akram, T. (2021). On the intersectional amplification of barriers to college internships: A comparative case study analysis. Harvard Educational Review, 91(4), 457-481.

Borello, L. J. (2020). Power, access, and policy: Reflections on the Women Center Internship Program. In: Lovett K. (Ed.), Diverse pedagogical approaches to experiential learning (pp. 181-192). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42691-0_12

Silva, A. (2020). Unpaid internships and equality of opportunity: A pseudo-panel analysis of UN data. Applied Economics Letters, 28(15), 1288-1292.

Hora, M.T., Wolfgram, M. & Chen, Z. (2019). Closing the doors of opportunity: How financial, sociocultural, and institutional barriers intersect to inhibit participation in college internships. WCER Working Paper No. 2019-8University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Terriquez, V. (2015). Dreams delayed: Barriers to degree completion among undocumented community college students. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41(8), 1302–1323.

Allen, K., Quinn, J., Hollingworth, S., & Rose, A. (2013). Becoming employable students and ‘ideal’ creative workers: Exclusion and inequality in higher education work placements. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 34(3), 431-452.

Finley, A., & McNair, T. (2013). Assessing underserved students’ engagement in high-impact practices Association of American Colleges and Universities.

Jaeger, D. A., Nunley, J. M., Seals Jr, R. A., Shandra, C., & Wilbrandt, E. J. (2023). The demand for interns. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 209, 372-390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2023.03.002

Spector, A. Y., & Infante, K. (2020). Community college field placement internships: Supervisors’ perspectives and recommendations. Social Work Education, 39(4), 462-480. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2019.1654990

Urquía-Grande, E., & Estébanez, R. P. (2020). Bridging the gaps between higher education and the business world: internships in a faculty of economics and business. Education+ Training, 63(3), 390-509.

Sauder, M. H., Mudrick, M., Strassle, C. G., Maitoza, R., Malcarne, B., & Evans, B. (2019). What did you expect? Divergent perceptions among internship stakeholders. Journal of Experiential Education42(2), 105-120.

Nunley, J. M., Pugh, A., Romero, N., & Seals, R. A. (2016). College major, internship
experience, and employment opportunities: Estimates from a résumé audit. Labour Economics, 38, 37-46.

Lin, S. H., & Chen, M. Y. (2022). Feeling capable or being flexible? Personality, cognition, and behavior: A moderated mediation of trust-in-supervisor internship. Current Psychology, 41(8), 5088-5097. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00994-9

Okolie, U. C. (2022). Work placement learning and students’ readiness for school-to-work transition: Do perceived employability and faculty supervisor support matter?. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 139, 103805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2022.103805

Shandra, C. L. (2022). Internship participation in the United States by student and school characteristics, 1994 to 2017. Socius, 8. https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231221121058

Wolinsky-Nahmias, Y., & Auerbach, A. H. (2022). Evaluating the Design and Benefits of Internship Programs. Journal of Political Science Education, 18(4), 584-604. https://doi.org/10.1080/15512169.2022.2109481

Thompson, M. N., Perez-Chavez, J., & Fetter, A. (2021). Internship experiences among college students attending an HBC: A longitudinal grounded theory exploration. Journal of Career Assessment, 29(4), 589-607.

Hora, M. T., Parrott, E., & Her, P. (2020). How do students conceptualise the college internship experience? Towards a student-centered approach to designing and implementing internships. Journal of Education and Work, 33(1), 48-66.

Zehr, S. and Korte, R. (2020). Student internship experiences: learning about the workplace, Education + Training, 62(3), 311-324.

Zilvinskis, J., Gillis, J., & Smith, K. K. (2020). Unpaid versus paid internships: Group membership makes the difference. Journal of College Student Development, 61(4), 510-516.

Ramani, R., & McHugh, P. (2019). Student perceptions of the value of internships and job pursuit intent: A two-country examination. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2019(1), 10172.

Jacobson, J., & Shaed, L. R. (2018). Stringtern: Springboarding or stringing along young interns’ careers? Journal of Education and Work, 31(3), 320-337.

O’Connor, H., & Bodicoat, M. (2017). Exploitation or opportunity? Student perceptions of internships in enhancing employability skills. British Journal of Sociology of Education38(4), 435-449.

Leonard, P., Halford, S., & Bruce, K. (2016). ‘The new degree?’ Constructing internships in the third sector. Sociology, 50(2), 383–399.

Green, B. P., Graybeal, P., & Madison, R. L. (2011). An exploratory study of the effect of professional internships on students’ perception of the importance of employment traits. Journal of Education for Business, 86(2), 100-110.

Gardner, P. (2010). A comparison of credit and non-credit internships in their expectations and the utilization of campus resources. Intern Bridge and the Collegiate Employment Research Institute, Michigan State University.

Burgstahler, S., & Bellman, S. (2009). Differences in perceived benefits of internships for subgroups of students with disabilities. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 31(3), 155-165.

D’abate, C. P., Youndt, M. A., & Wenzel, K. E. (2009). Making the most of an internship: An empirical study of internship satisfaction. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 8(4), 453-480.

Hergert, M. (2009). Student perceptions of the value of internships in business education. American Journal of Business Education2(8), 9-14.

Ross, C. M., & Beggs, B. A. (2007). Campus recreational sports internships: A comparison of student and employer perspectives. Recreational Sports Journal31(1), 3-13.

Arts & Media

Guarise, D. & Kostenblatt, J. (2018). The impact of unpaid internships on career success of liberal arts graduates. National Association of Colleges and Employers.

Martin, N. D., & Frenette, A. (2017). Lost in transition: College resources and the unequal early-career trajectories of arts alumni. American Behavioral Scientist, 61(12), 1487-1509.

Frenette, A. (2015). The Internship Divide: The Promise and Challenges of Internships in the Arts. Special Report. Bloomington, IN: Strategic National Arts Alumni Project.

Shade, L. R., & Jacobson, J. (2015). Hungry for the job: Gender, unpaid internships, and the creative industries. The Sociological Review, 63, 188-205.

Frenette, A. (2013). Making the intern economy: Role and career challenges of the music industry intern. Work and Occupations40(4), 364-397.

Business & Management

Hermann, R. R., Amaral, M., & Bossle, M. B. (2021). Integrating problem-based learning with international internships in business education. Journal of Teaching in International Business, 32(3–4), 202–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/08975930.2022.2033667

Blau, G., & Lopez, A. B. (2020). Exploring correlates for paid versus unpaid internships or co-ops for graduating business students. Journal of Education for Business, 95(6), 393-401.

Bist, S. S., Mehta, N., Mehta, D., & Meghrajani, I. (2020). Employers perception regarding employability skills of management students undergoing internship. International Journal of Work-Integrated Learning, 21(2), 145-161.

Pinto, L. H., & Pereira, P. C. (2019). ‘I wish to do an internship (abroad)’: Investigating the perceived employability of domestic and international business internships. Higher Education, 78(3), 443-461.

Jackling, B., & Natoli, R. (2015). Employability skills of international accounting graduates: Internship providers’ perspectives. Education + Training, 57(7), 757-773.

Sanahuja Vélez, G., & Ribes Giner, G. (2015). Effects of business internships on students, employers, and higher education institutions: A systematic review. Journal of Employment Counseling, 52(3), 121-130.

Moghaddam, J. M. (2011). Perceived effectiveness of business internships: Student expectations, experiences, and personality traits. International Journal of Management, 28(4), 287-303.

Knouse, S. B., & Fontenot, G. (2008). Benefits of the business college internship: A research review. Journal of Employment Counseling45(2), 61-66.

Knemeyer, A. M., & Murphy, P. R. (2002). Logistics internships: Employer and student
perspectives. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 32(2), 135-152.

Gault, J., Redington, J., & Schlager, T. (2000). Undergraduate business internships and career success: are they related? Journal of Marketing Education22(1), 45-53.

Engineering

Goller, M, Harteis, C, Gijbels, D, Donche, V. (2020). Engineering students’ learning during internships: Exploring the explanatory power of the job demands-control-support model. Journal of Engineering Education, 109(2), 3017-324.

Garcia, R., & Puig, J. (2011). A model for improving the quality of student internship placements in engineering degrees. International Journal of Advanced Corporate Learning (iJAC)4(1), 4-11.

Doel, S. (2009). Fostering student reflection during engineering internships. International Journal of Work-Integrated Learning10(3), 163-177.

Information Technology & Computer Science

Chilas, S., Marks, A., & Galloway, L. (2015). Learning to labour: An evaluation of internships and employability in the ICT sector. New Technology, Work and Employment, 30(1), 1-15.

Galloway, L., Marks, A., & Chilas, S. (2014). The use of internships to foster employability, enterprise and entrepreneurship in the IT sector. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 21(3), 653-667.

Carpenter, D. A. (2003). Meaningful information systems internships. Journal of Information Systems Education, 14(2), 201-209.

Political Science

Lucas, K. E. (2023). Internships for Credit: Linking Work Experience to Political Science Learning Objectives. Journal of Political Science Education, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/15512169.2023.2219398

STEM

Ruppert, J., Ayala, J., Bamaba, C., Badiei, Y., & Wilmanski, J. (2023). ‘I didn’t know what I was doing, until I went there’: a case study exploring the range of student STEM internship experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Science Education, 45(4), 274-292. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2022.2159776

Tourism & Hospitality

Mensah, C., Azila-Gbettor, E. M., & Wireko-Gyebi, S. (2023). Mapping Hospitality and Tourism Internship Research: A Bibliometric and Integrative Review. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2023.2175689

Zopiatis, A., Papadopoulos, C., & Theofanous, Y. (2021). A systematic review of literature on hospitality internships. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 28, 100309.

Chen, T.-L., Shen, C.-C., & Gosling, M. (2018). Does employability increase with internship satisfaction? Enhanced employability and internship satisfaction in a hospitality program. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, 22, 88-99.

Stansbie, P., Nash, R., & Chang, S. (2016). Linking internships and classroom learning: A case study examination of hospitality and tourism management students. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education19, 19-29.

Barnes, J. (2009). Sports management and administration internships and students with disabilities: Responsibilities and practices for success. Quest, 61(2), 191-201.

Ko, W. H. (2008). Training, satisfaction with internship programs, and confidence about future
careers among hospitality students: A case study of universities in Taiwan. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 7(4), 1-15.

Busby, G. (2003). Tourism degree internships: A longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Education and Training55(3), 319-334.

Jenkins, C. M., McQueen, S., & Wiley, S. L. (2023). Zoom or Gloom: The Challenges of a Virtual Internship Experience. Journal of Political Science Education, 19(2), 307-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/15512169.2022.2148532

Reid, K., Butler, D. L., Comfort, C., & Potter, A. D. (2023). Virtual internships in open and distance learning contexts: Improving access, participation, and success for underrepresented students. Distance Education, 44(2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2023.2209029

Wilson, K., Hawk, A., & Miller, M. (2023). Implementing a Hybrid Internship during the COVID-19 Pandemic. New Review of Academic Librarianship, 29(1), 77-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/13614533.2022.2082989

AlGhamdi, R. A. (2022). Virtual internship during the COVID-19 pandemic: Exploring IT students satisfaction. Education and Training, 64(3), 329-346.

Baker, I., & Fitzpatrick, D. (2022). Student experiences in pre-COVID virtual internships: Integration, barriers, motivation challenges, supportive supervisors, and intern growth. American Journal of Distance Education, 36(2), 90-102.

Irwin, A., Perkins, J., Hillari, L. L., & Wischerath, D. (2022). Is the future of internships online? An examination of stakeholder attitudes towards online internships. Higher Education, Skills and Work-based Learning, 12(4), 629-644.

Teng, C. W. C., Lim, R. B. T., Chow, D. W. S., Narayanasamy, S., Liow, C. H., & Lee, J. J. M. (2022). Internships before and during COVID-19: experiences and perceptions of undergraduate interns and supervisors. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 12(3), 459-474. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-05-2021-0104

Klein, L. B., & Scott, C. L. (2021). Managing virtual internships during the covid-19 pandemic era: Implications for academic instructors and business leaders. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 21(7), 211-218.

Bilsland, C., Nagy, H., & Smith, P. (2020). Virtual internships and work-integrated learning in hospitality and tourism in a post-COVID-19 world. International Journal of Work-Integrated Learning, 21(4), 425-437.

Gill, R. (2020). Graduate employability skills through online internships and projects during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Australian example. Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 11(1), 146-158.

Jeske, D. & Linehan, C. (2020). Mentoring and skill development in e-internships. Journal of Work-Applied Management, 12(2), 245-258.

Theelen, H., Willems, M. C., van den Beemt, A., Conijn, R., & den Brok, P. (2020). Virtual internships in blended environments to prepare preservice teachers for the professional teaching context. British Journal of Educational Technology, 51(1), 194-210.

Kraft, C., Jeske, D. and Bayerlein, L. (2019). Seeking diversity? Consider virtual internships. Strategic HR Review, 18(3), 133-137.

Jeske, D., & Axtell, C. M. (2017). Effort and Reward Effects: Appreciation and Self-Rated Performance in e-Internships. Social Sciences, 6(4), 1-14.

Jeske, D. and Axtell, C.M. (2016), How to run successful e-internships: a case for organizational learning. Development and Learning in Organizations, 30(2), 18-21.

Ruggiero, D. & Boehm, J. (2016). Design and development of a learning design virtual internship program. International Review if Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 17(4), 105-120.

Waters, S., & Russell, W. (2016). Virtually Ready? Pre-service teachers’ perceptions of a virtual internship experience. Research in Social Sciences and Technology, 1(1), 1-23.

Pike, P. D. (2015). Using a synchronous online teaching internship to develop pedagogical skills and explore teacher identity: A case study. Journal of Music, Technology & Education, 8(3), 227-242.

Bayerlein, L. (2014). Curriculum innovation in undergraduate accounting programmes through “virtual internships.” Education+Training, 57(6), 673-684.

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